Repercussion of working conditions on the health of wildland firefighters: a Scoping Review.
Keywords:
Wildfires; Occupational hazards; Occupational health
Abstract
Introduction: Climate change intensifies wildfires by increasing temperatures, reducing rainfall, and bringing forward snowmelt. Their extinction involves multiple risks for firefighters due to the extreme conditions of their work. The main aim of the study was to describe the relationship between working conditions and their effects on the health of wildland firefighters.
Objectives: The main objective of this scoping review is to explore and describe the relationship between working conditions and the impact on the health of wildland firefighters.
Method: Scoping Review based on PRISMA-ScR and academic regulations, using scientific sources published between 2014 and 2024, analysed through descriptive statistics.
Results: Most studies were published between 2019 and 2022, mainly in the United States, with descriptive and cohort methodologies. The population studied consisted mainly of men with the category of wildland firefighter. The main occupational risks analysed were exposure to chemical agents and extreme temperatures. The most frequent diseases were cardiovascular, respiratory, and immunological. Among the prevention strategies, the use of protective equipment, cooling measures, shift regulation, and health surveillance stood out.
Conclusions: Repeated exposure to extreme environmental conditions affects the health of wildland firefighters, generating physical and mental issues. Improving personal protective equipment and optimising hydration, cooling, and post-exposure hygiene practices, together with health surveillance, are key to reducing the negative effects of their work.
Keywords: Wildfires; Occupational hazards; Occupational health.
References
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4. Navarro K, Butler C, Fent K, Toennis C, Sammons D, Ramirez-Cardenas A, et al. The Wildland Firefighter Exposure and Health Effect (WFFEHE) Study: Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Repeated-Measures Study. Ann Work Expo Health. 2 de julio de 2022;66(6):714-27. DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab117. PMID: 34919119. PMCID: PMC9203592.
5. Navarro K. Working in Smoke: Wildfire Impacts on the Health of Firefighters and Outdoor Workers and Mitigation Strategies. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(4):763-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.017. PMID: 33153693. PMCID: PMC9008597.
6. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. Nota Técnica de Prevención 867: Ropa de protección para bomberos forestales. INSST. 2024. Available at: https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326775/867w.pdf/4fcaf1e5-cc6d-451c-b292-5d9bb0549c7a?version=1.0&t=1617977711908
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8. UGT. Guía de prevención de riesgos laborales para bomberos y bomberas forestales. UGT. 2024. Available at: https://www.ugt.es/ugt-presenta-una-guia-de-prevencion-de-riesgos-laborales-para-bomberos-y-bomberas-forestales
9. Samborska V, Ritchie H. Wildfires. Our World Data. 2024. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/wildfires
10. Pelletier C, Ross C, Bailey K, Fyfe T, Cornish K, Koopmans E. Health research priorities for wildland firefighters: a modified Delphi study with stakeholder interviews. BMJ Open . 2022;12(2):e051227. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051227. PMCID: PMC8814744 PMID: 35115350.
11. Navarro K, Kleinman M, Mackay C, Reinhardt T, Balmes J, Broyles G, et al. Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality. Environ Res . 2019;173:462-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060. PMID: 30981117.
12. Comité de lucha contra incendios forestales. Catálogo de Equipos de Protección Individual. Revisión 2011. Ministerio para la Transición Demográfica y el Reto Ecológico. 2012. Available at: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/incendios-forestales/epis.html.
13. Real Decreto 286/2006, de 10 de marzo, sobre la protección de la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores contra los riesgos relacionados con la exposición al ruido. Boletín Oficial del Estado, número 60, (11 de marzo de 2006). Available at: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2006-4414
14. Grupo de trabajo de estadística comité de lucha contra incendios forestales. Parte de incendio forestal (9ª actualización). Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Available at: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/incendios-forestales/coordinacion-institucional/grupos_trabajo_clif.html
15. Koopmans E, Fyfe T, Eadie M, Pelletier C. Exploring prevention and mitigation strategies to reduce the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildfires for wildland firefighters and related personnel: protocol of a scoping study. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):119. DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01381-y. PMID: 32466787. PMCID: PMC7257175.
16. Organización Meteorológica Mundial. La Organización Meteorológica Mundial confirma que en 2023 la temperatura mundial batió todos los récords. Organización Meteorológica Mundial. 2024. Organización Meteorológica Mundial. Available at: https://wmo.int/es/news/media-centre/la-organizacion-meteorologica-mundial-confirma-que-en-2023-la-temperatura-mundial-batio-todos-los
17. Subdirección General de Planificación Hidrológica. Informe mensual de seguimiento de la situación de sequía y escasez: Diciembre de 2023. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. 2023. Available at: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/observatorio-nacional-de-la-sequia/informes-mapas-seguimiento/infomapas2023.html
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